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APA 7 Quick Charts

Headings
Heading level Style
Level 1

Centered, Bolded, Capitalized like a book title

Text begins as a new paragraph

Level 2

Left aligned, Bolded, Capitalized like a book title

Text begins as a new paragraph.

Level 3

Left aligned, Bolded, Italicized, Capitalized like a book title

Text begins as a new paragraph.

Level 4           Indented once, Bolded, Capitalized like book title, Ending with a period.Text begins on the same line and continues as a regular paragraph.
  Level 5           Indented once, Bolded Italic, Capitalized like book title, Ending with a period.Text begins on the same line and continues as a regular paragraph.

In-text citations
Author Parenthetical citation Narrative citation
One author (Lee, 2020) Lee (2020)
Two authors (Lee & Richards, 2016) Lee and Richards (2016)
Three or more authors (Lee et al., 2016) Lee et al. (2016)
Group author with abbreviation, first citation (Center for Disease Control [CDC], 2002) The Center for Disease Control (CDC, 2002)
Group author with abbreviation, second citation (CDC, 2002) The CDC (2002)
Group author without abbreviation (University of Minnesota, 2007) The University of Minnesota (2007)

How to create a reference when information is missing
Missing element Solution Reference list entry In-text citation
Nothing Use the author, date, title, and source of work. Author. (Date). Title. Source.

(Author, Year)

Author (Year)
Author Use the title, date, and source. Title. (Date). Source.

(Title, Year)

Title (Year)
Date Use the author, write “n.d.” for “no date,” and then use the title and source. Author. (n.d.). Title. Source.

(Author, n.d.)

Author (n.d.)
Title Use the author and date, describe the work in square brackets, and then provide the source. Author. (Date). [Description of work]. Source.

(Author, Year)

Author (Year)
Author and date Use the title, write “n.d.” for “no date” and then the source. Title. (n.d.). Source.

(Title, n.d.)

Title (n.d.)
Author and title Describe the work in square brackets, and then provide the source. [Description of work]. (Date). Source.

([Description of work], Year)

[Description of work] (Year)
Date and title Use the author, write “n.d.” for “no date,” describe the work in square brackets, and then the source. Author. (n.d.). [Description of work]. Source.

(Author, n.d.)

Author (n.d.)
Date and title Describe the work in square brackets, write “n.d.” for “no date” and then the source. Description of work]. (n.d.). Source.

([Description of work], n.d.)

[Description of work] (n.d.)